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Partizip I & Partizip II

  • Partizip I and Partizip II are two special forms of verbs that can function as adjectives or be used in various grammatical structures.
  • They can serve as attributes (modifying nouns), form perfect tenses, passive voice, or replace relative clauses.

1️⃣ Concept: Adjective Attribute (Adjektiv-Attribut)​

  • An adjective attribute modifies a noun in the sentence.
  • It stands before the noun and must agree in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular, plural), and case (Kasus).

Example:

  • Das große Haus steht am Fluss.
    (The big house is by the river.)

  • Die freundliche Lehrerin hilft den Schülern.
    (The friendly teacher helps the students.)

Note:

  • The adjective attribute always precedes the noun and takes the appropriate ending.

2️⃣ Concept: Participle Attribute (Partizip-Attribut)​

  • A participle attribute is a special form of adjective attribute where Partizip I or Partizip II is used to modify the noun.
  • It describes a characteristic of the noun, like an adjective.

Example:

  • Das lachende Kind spielt im Garten.
    (The laughing child plays in the garden.) (Partizip I: describes an ongoing action.)

  • Das gebaute Haus ist sehr modern.
    (The built house is very modern.) (Partizip II: describes a completed action.)

Note:

  • Partizip I → ongoing action
  • Partizip II → completed action

3️⃣ Partizip I (Present Participle)

🔹 3.1. How to form Partizip I​

Formula:

Verb stem + -d

Example:

InfinitivePartizip I
lachen (to laugh)lachend (laughing)
arbeiten (to work)arbeitend (working)
schlafen (to sleep)schlafend (sleeping)

Note:

  • Partizip I does not change with tense.

🔹 3.2. How to use Partizip I​

1️⃣ As an adjective (Partizip-Attribut)​

Example:

  • Der lachende Mann ist mein Bruder.
    (The laughing man is my brother.)

2️⃣ To replace a relative clause​

Example:

  • Der Mann, der lacht, ist mein Bruder.
    (The man who is laughing is my brother.)

  • Der lachende Mann ist mein Bruder.
    (The laughing man is my brother.)

3️⃣ In participle phrases​

Example:

  • Singend ging er die Straße entlang.
    (Singing, he walked along the street.)

🔹 3.3. Tense of Partizip I​

  • Partizip I always expresses an ongoing action (no past or future form).

🔹 3.4. Special case: Gerundivum (necessity)​

  • Die zu reparierende Maschine
    (The machine that needs to be repaired.)

Note:

  • Use "zu + Partizip I" to express something that must be done.

4️⃣ Partizip II (Past Participle)

🔹 4.1. How to form Partizip II​

Formula:

ge + verb stem + -(e)t/en

Example:

InfinitivePartizip II
lachen (to laugh)gelacht (laughed)
arbeiten (to work)gearbeitet (worked)
schlafen (to sleep)geschlafen (slept)

Note:

  • Strong verbs change their stem (e.g., sehen → gesehen).

🔹 4.2. How to use Partizip II​

1️⃣ As an adjective (Partizip-Attribut)​

  • Das gekochte Essen ist lecker.
    (The cooked food is tasty.)

2️⃣ In the passive voice​

  • Das Auto wurde repariert.
    (The car was repaired.)

3️⃣ In perfect tenses​

  • Ich habe das Buch gelesen.
    (I have read the book.)

  • Er hatte das Essen gekocht.
    (He had cooked the meal.)

🔹 4.3. Tense of Partizip II​

  • Always expresses a completed action (no present or future form).

🔹 4.4. Special case: Verbs of change of state​

Example:

  • Ich bin eingeschlafen.
    (I fell asleep.)

  • Das Wasser ist gefroren.
    (The water froze.)

Note:

  • These verbs describe change from one state to another and use "sein" in the perfect tense.

✅ Summary: Key points​

notatka
  • Partizip I expresses an ongoing action.
  • Partizip II expresses a completed action.
  • Both can be used as adjectives or to replace relative clauses.
  • Partizip II is used in the passive voice and perfect tenses.

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